Seminar Paper on Prismatic â€Sala Model vs. Bureaucratic Model

ASSIGNMENT ON Prismatic –Sala Model Vs. Bureaucratic Model Prepared by:Kh. Mahmudul Hasan2nd Year, 1st SemesterRegistration No: 2010237072Department of Public Administration326/C, Shah Poran HallMob. No: 01912167683, 01612167683Email: mahmudul016@gmail.comShahjalal University of Science amp; TechnologySylhet – 3114. | Introduction Riggs made a great effort in searching for an objective and effective model for analyzing public administration in developing regions. With his background in sociological theory, Riggs created the â€Å"fused-prismatic-diffracted model.† This model covers a wide range of research. For instance, economic life, social structures, political symbols, and the allocation of power are all part†¦show more content†¦The prismatic society shares the value-patterns of both fused and diffracted societies Prismatic society F. W. Riggs suggested a middle movement society between the fused and diffracted society which is called prismatic society. It is better than fused society but less than diffracted society. It is specific stable. Till the end of the Second World War the study of Political Science and Public Administration had virtually remained confined to the United States, Great Britain and other Western countries. The various approaches and models which were developed in the disciplines were consequently based on Western experiences, either explicitly or implicitly. With the ripening into statehood of the various colonies of the Western powers, a new category of states- the underdeveloped or developing countries arose, and the methods and approaches which were available to the students of Political Science and Public Administration were discovered to be inadequate, and even inoperative when applied to the study of these newly liberated societies. The ecology of Public Administration is as much as limiting factor as is the ecology of biological species. The key to the understanding of Riggs is his contention that administrative behavior must be looked at in relation to its environment, that is, its ‘e cology’. Riggs certainly does not include in ecology all the

Symbolism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay examples

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† is rich in symbolism, as this essay will amply illustrate. Hugo McPherson in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology† explains how the author’s â€Å"inner drama† may be expressed in his symbolism: The imaginative foundation of a writer’s work may well be an inner drama or ‘hidden life’ in which his deepest interests and conflicts are transformed into images or characters; and through the symbolic play of these creations, he comes to ‘know’ the meaning of his experience; the imaginative structure becomes a means of reaching truth. . . . he lives ‘a life of allegory,’ and each of his works expresses one facet or another of the total structure. . . .heart-leading symbol. [The Heart became]†¦show more content†¦. . † (15). 3. Q. D. Leavis in â€Å"Hawthorne as Poet† states that â€Å"the relevant point is that Young Goodman Brown is Everyman in seventeenth century New England† (35). And what is Salem village symbolic of? It was â€Å"the center of the witchcraft delusion, in the witching times of 1692, and it shows the populace of Salem Village, those chief in authority, as well as obscure young citizens like Brown, enticed by fiendish shapes into the frightful solitude of superstitious fear† (Abel 133). To have so much symbolism in the very opening sentence of the tale is almost too much for the human mind. Examining the second sentence of the short story, we see: â€Å"And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap, while she called to Goodman Brown.† What do the pink ribbons signify? 1. â€Å"The ribbons are in fact an explicit link between two conceptions of Faith, connecting sweet little Faith of the village with the woman who stands at the Devil’s baptismal font. We can legitimately disagree about the meaning of this duality; the fact remains that in proposing that Faith’s significance is the opposite of what he had led the reader to expect, Hawthorne violates the fixed conceptual meaning associated with his character. . . .They are part of herShow MoreRelated The Symbolism of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2725 Words   |  11 PagesThe Symbolism of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† shows the reader the author’s power as a symbolist.    Frederick C. Crews in â€Å"The Logic of Compulsion in ‘Roger Malvin’s Burial’† explores the symbology that prevails in Hawthorne’s best short stories:    . . . I chose this one tale to analyze because it illustrates the indispensability, and I should even say the priority, of understanding the literal psychological dramasRead More Symbolism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2380 Words   |  10 PagesSymbolism in Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚      Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in â€Å"Stories Derived from New England Living† state: â€Å"Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature† (31). It is the purpose of this essay to explore the main symbolism contained within Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†    Stanley T. Williams in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind† states that the author was forever â€Å"perfectingRead MoreAmbiguity And Symbolism In Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1952 Words   |  8 Pagespeople. The short story called Young Goodman Brown is a good example of how people are trapped in this war and gives a somewhat description of what it could be like in a losing fight against evil. The message of the story is that everyone has a dark nature in them somewhere, whether it can be triggered by something traumatic, or by their surroundings as they grew up to adulthood from only knowing that. The premise of the story is mostly about how Goodman Brown leaves Salem village to undergoRead MoreAllegory And Symbolism In Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown728 Words   |  3 PagesIt is hard to read beyond the third paragraph of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† without finding allegory and symbolism. The opening seems realistic--Goodman Brown, a young Puritan, leaves his home in colonial Salem to take an overnight trip-- but his wifes name, â€Å"Faith,† immediately suggests a symbolic reading. Before long, Brown’s walk into the dream-like forest seems like an allegorical trip into evil. The idea that Hawthorne shows by this trip is that people are attracted to sin through temptation whichRead MoreSymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay468 Words   |  2 PagesSymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown is full of symbolism throughout the story. Perhaps the most interesting examples of symbolism include the title character, Young Goodman Brown, as well as his wife, Faith, and the woods that Young Goodman Brown enters on his journey. Included are many allusions to Christianity and also to evil and sin. These references are expressed mainly through characters and settings in the story. TheRead MoreAllegory and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†1203 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an excellent example of the use of allegories and symbolism as a form of satire on Puritan faith. According to Frank Preston Stearns, author of The Life and Genius of Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Hawthorne may have intended this story as an exposure of the inconsistency, and consequent hypocrisy, of Puritanism† (Stearns 181). Throughout the story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne tries to infuse as many symbols and allegories as he can to enhance the overallRead More Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes symbolism throughout his short story Young Goodman Brown to impact and clarify the theme of good people sometimes doing bad things. Hawthorne uses a variety of light and dark imagery, names, and people to illustrate irony and different translations. Young Goodman Brown is a story about a man who comes to terms with the reality that people are imperfect and flawed and then dies a bitter death from the enlightenmentRead More Symbolism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay example2781 Words   |  12 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown the use of symbols contributes to the development of the storys plot. Symbolism is used as a means to uncover the truth about the characters. The author, in an attempt to manifest the moral aspects of his society, uses many kinds of symbols to support his points. When analyzing an allegory like Young Goodman Brown, the reader must realize that the story is in its entirety, a symbol. Hawthorne, through his writing is trying to convey the contradictingRead MoreSymbolism and Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2297 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚   The main characters in Hawthornes story Young Goodman Brown are Goodman Brown, his wife Faith and the stranger who accompanies Goodman Brown in the forest. At the beginning of the story Brown is bidding his wife, Faith farewell at their front door. Taking a lonely route into the forest, he meets an older man who bears a fatherly resemblance to both Brown and the Devil. Later that night Brown discovers to his amazement, that many exemplary villagers are on the same path including, GoodyRead More Essay on Symbols, Symbolism, and Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown726 Words   |  3 PagesSymbols, Symbolism, and Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Symbolism is a literary technique that is used to clarify the authors intent. Sometimes it is used to great effect, while other times it only seems to muddle the meaning of a passage. In Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses objects and people as symbols to allegorically reveal his message to the reader. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses different people as symbols throughout Young Goodman Brown. The largest symbolic

Belonging Perception and St Patrick free essay sample

Explore how perceptions of belonging and not belonging can be influenced by connections to places. In your response, refer to your prescribed text and at least one other related text of your own choosing. â€Å"Home is where the heart is† was quoted by Pliny the Elder and is now used to signify a personal connection to a place and the personal sense of belonging received when at this place. Perceptions are influenced by connections to places and sometimes made by connections and disconnections to places.Looking at Peter Skrzynecki’s poem†10 Mary Street† and â€Å"St Patrick’s Day† that are part of the â€Å"Immigrant Chronicles† and contrasting them you look upon how the perception of belonging and not belonging is inextricably linked and is influenced by places. Unsung Ordinary Men by Sally Dingo is a text that explores in itself how connections to places influence our perceptions of belonging and not belonging. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging: Perception and St Patrick or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This text is non-fictional and represents the soldiers’ attitudes and perceptions of the places they were in and is symbolic of their perceptions of belonging and not belonging.Perceptions of belonging and not belonging can be and is often influenced by connections felt to places. In â€Å"10 Mary Street† the house has both literal and symbolic significance of belonging. On a literal level it is typical of the kind of house a migrant family might choose to live in. Symbolically, the house represents Skrzynecki’s search for security, identity, safety and a place to belong. The house acts as a refuge from the strange environment and provides a safe place to belong. The personification of the house’s â€Å"china blue coat† reveals its fragile state.This text also deals with the perception of belonging being influenced by place. The use of language is used in this text is important on how perceptions of belonging and not belonging is influenced by connections to places. â€Å"St Patrick’s Day† is a poem related to the Roman Catholic school in Sydney called St Patrick’s College. The poet feels that he does not belong. The poem provides specific details of the school’s environment and suggests a barrier of belonging. â€Å"Overshadowed by clouds†.Skrzynecki walks around Strathfield with a sense of disconnection and a sense of not belonging with him feeling â€Å"like a foreign tourist†. This simile creates irony as Skrzynecki is from a foreign background and may be the reason why he feels isolated and a sense of not belonging. Peter Skrzynecki refers to the school motto â€Å"Before I let my light shine† and is applied only to his life and future away from the school which creates a sense of potential. However, it will only be achieved away from St Patrick’s.This represents his difficulties at St Patrick’s College and can represent his non belonging in the school. â€Å"St Patrick’s Day† is a text that represents perceptions of not belonging can be influenced and often are influenced by connections to places. Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"Immigrant Chronicles† provide evidence of not belonging and belonging through different perceptions and represent how connections to places can and often influence these perceptions. â€Å"10 Mary Street† and â€Å"St Patrick’s Day† represent how connections to places influence perceptions of belonging and not belonging.The language used by Skrzynecki also plays a huge role in determining whether the perception explores belonging of not belonging. â€Å"Unsung Ordinary Men† provides sufficient evidence to support how a suitable environment can be perceived as belonging and not belonging. It represents the struggle and the sense of connection felt by most of Australian soldiers and allows them to feel a sense of belonging through a connection to the place the y fought. Both texts support the argument that perceptions of belonging and not belonging can be influenced by a connection to places. By Jake Thew

Stereotyping Comparison

Introduction Stereotypes are common generalizations concerning a particular group of people. Stereotyping involves assigning particular set of characteristics to the group. Stereotypes can be positive or negative. Stereotypes are coined based on the availability of a consistent and clear attribute that is associated with that particular group.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotyping Comparison: All Italians are in a Mob, All Jamaicans Smoke Weed, All Muslims are Terrorists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The stereotyped individuals or groups consider it an insult and at times quite disturbing since they may experience apprehension of unfair treatment; it psychologically affects the thinking of those who are the victims. Stereotyping can be done in two ways: when there is generalization in the descriptions and attributes, and through biases which are subconscious in form. Stereotyping can be synonymously use d with prejudice (USNews, 2010). Main Analysis The three main stereotypes that will be discussed in this essay are: All Muslims are terrorists; All Jamaicans smoke weed and; All Italians are in mob. All Muslims are terrorists: This is a common stereotype among the countries of the world but it is predominant in United States of America and its allies. This stereotyping was widespread and gained prominence following the numerous bombing missions by the Al-Qaeda and religious fundamentalism that is associated with Islamic faith. To understand the arguments behind this stereotype, we should employ logic. Logic is the study of principles of reasoning; this reasoning may be good or bad. Logic is important in the sense that it enables us to examine an argument more critically. The premise of the argument on this stereotyping that Muslims are terrorists is that people accept this claim without challenging it. This stereotype is only based on a single experience and arguments about stereoty pes are judged on one line of conclusion. The conclusion here is that from the association of some Muslims with terrorism all Muslims are terrorists (Mosser, 2011). The common mistakes that are found in the argument are that there may be variations in attitudes which are dogmatism and skepticism. Dogmatism prevents the acknowledgement of the other side of the argument. All Jamaicans smoke weed: Weed is associated with fans of reggae and since Jamaica has a lot of reggae fans by the fact that reggae is rooted in Jamaica then all Jamaicans are weed smokers. In order to understand the argument about this stereotype, it is important to substantiate the claims that accompany the stereotype.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The claim in this argument is that all Jamaicans are weed smokers. The conclusion concerning this claim is true since it is a mental construction. This is because it is based on inductive reasoning and no one has gone the extra mile to ascertain whether all Jamaicans smokes weed. For this claim and conclusion to be confirmed, all premises guiding arguments must be followed. First this claim needs to be evaluated and then the real issues concerning the dispute identified. The mistakes that are often found in such arguments are matters of predetermined mindset and no party is willing to cede ground on either side of the argument and every side in the argument will tend to give facts to support the claim. Attitude is a common factor that affects an argument since it defines the side of the story. All Italians are in a mob: It is generally believed that most Italians are goons and they are known to act in accordance with mob psychology. The argument underlying this debate is that in every competition or establishment, Italians are known for causing mayhem. The standardized mental picture of the Italians in the USA is depicted in movies where sinc e the days of Godfather several movies featuring the Italians as criminals have been produced. The mistake in this argument is the since the mental picture is already developed, the mistake of how to convince those making the claims is proving hard. Also any debate about stereotyping is often prejudiced and biased since these are the two premises with which stereotypes are coined. These arguments affect that image of the victims in the society (Mosser, 2011). After watching the film on the effect of pre-existing beliefs on logical reasoning, I can conclude that they indeed distort individual decisions and reasoning. The pre-determined beliefs about homosexuality distort the principle of logical reasoning. It is noticeable that human beings are skeptical when it comes to information that they have made up their minds concerning it. The pre-existing beliefs concerning homosexuality confirm the fact that the stereotyped group is uncomfortable about their perceived status and as such th eir mental thinking is affected. Also people around them feel guilty by association (INTELCOM, n.d.). Stereotyped groups are often aggressive; they over eat and often experience difficulty in making rational decisions. Stereotyping, especially negative stereotyping has a lasting psychological impression on the victim. The stereotyped group during associations tends to be aggressive and display some sense of self control (USNews, 2010). Conclusion Stereotyping is a very bad phenomenon, it can inflict mental torture and at an extreme level psychological trauma especially when that person is undertaking studies. The stereotype against the Muslims has taken a wide form to the extent that the Muslims are discriminated in particular countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotyping Comparison: All Italians are in a Mob, All Jamaicans Smoke Weed, All Muslims are Terrorists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Referen ces INTELCOM. (n.d.). How pre-existing Beliefs Distort Logical reasoning. Web. Mosser, K. (2011). An introduction to logic. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. USNews. (2010). Stereotyping Has Lasting Negative Impact, Prejudice has lingering effects, study shows. Web. This essay on Stereotyping Comparison: All Italians are in a Mob, All Jamaicans Smoke Weed, All Muslims are Terrorists was written and submitted by user Logan Hurley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.